The work is an examination of symbolism, conducted by a psychologist-anthropologist and a psychoanalyst-anthropologist, both well known for their anthropological field investigations. Three different cultures are selected: Japanese, Algerian Arab, and Apache native American. Rorschach testing of members of these cultures corroborates the universality of human associative patterns influenced by affectivity, regardless of culture. At the same time, basic perceptual patterns are normatively influenced by specific cultural-historical circumstances. A scoring system developed by De Vos is a major contribution to a new and reliable way of approaching, organizing, and integrating Rorschach responses in diverse cultural settings. With research contributions by Orin Borders, Ruth M. Boyer, Richard Day, Horace Miner, Akira Hoshina, Eiji Murakami, Takao Sofue, and Mayumi Taniguichi, the authors demonstrate how within-group and between-group differences can be methodically studied, to yield new insights into the interrelationship of personality and culture. Various chapters illustrate normative differences between immigrant and American-born Japanese, and between Arabs living on an oasis and those living with French contact in the Casbah of Algiers. They indicate some systematic differences between individuals and families of delinquent Japanese as compared with normative controls. They consider the perceptual organization of a socially successful Apache artist seen in contrast to his alcoholic brothers and show, by longitudinal comparisons over a twenty-year period, the progressive intellectual constriction of Apache youth from childhood into adulthood.