There is a distinct difference between Western and non-Western cultures and their perceptions and attitudes toward the concepts of counseling, psychology, and the treatment of mental illness. Years of practice and research within the Arab and Arab American communities have shown that culture, religion, and even history can significantly affect a person's or a society's receptiveness toward seeking assistance for psychological problems and in determining the most effective approach to treatment. To provide a broad overview and best illustrate the fundamental differences between the Western and Arab cultures, this chapter is divided into the following segments: a historical perspective; religion: Islam and Christianity; the Arab-Muslim family, Arab women; Arab Americans and mental health problems; and Arab Americans in therapy. Case illustrations are presented.