The report which follows [which was written in 1993-1994] summarises three visits during recent years made by the author on behalf of Swedish Save the Children to the young war refugees from southern Sudan in Pignudo in Ethiopia and in Kakuma in KenyThe report also contains summaries of discussions, investigation material, and reports by the author, as well as by other investigators. After a summary of the contents, there follows a description of the history of the children from their flight from Sudan to Ethiopia to their present situation in Kakuma in KenyA description of the care arrangements for living and education and the mental health programme of Save the Children as well as the various interview investigations is given. Other materials such as dreams, poems, written stories, and drawings are used to give the boys opportunity to express emotions and ideas, communicate tabooed subjects, and also for us to evaluate the state of the children and the success of failure of care arrangements. Opinions of PTSD are given including possible short- and long-time effects, cultural differences, and general relevance. Thers is a discussion of childhood as a social construct and its place in the Dinka culture. There are also views of children as victims or as actors in relation to traumRelevant background information on the geography and ecology of southern Sudan as well as its history and politics is given. Traits in the culture of Dinkas and Nuers are described and seen as relevant for our understanding and practical assistance. Proposals are made to initiate further culturally appropriate care arrangements and to provide channels to improve the power of the children to influence their future. A list of reference literature is given and in some appendixes important documents in the various studies are supplemented.