Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was first recognized as a syndrome by the American Psychiatric Association in 1980, and it was classified as an anxiety disorder. This recognition was mainly based on work conducted on Vietnam War Veterans and survivors of other major disasters. The aim of this review is mainly to focus on symptoms, assessment, and treatment of PTSD, as well as the most recent research conducted on children in the Middle East, in order to increase awareness among public health professionals and stimulate further research projects on children from regions of conflict.