Investigated the psychological effects of the Gulf War with 328 immigrants to Israel from the former Soviet Union. The Ss (who had already been screened for psychological distress just before the war) were reassessed with the Psychiatric Epidemiology Research Interview. Psychological symptoms during the war were associated with prewar level of distress and with actual physical harm from the missiles, but not with exposure to danger. Correlates of behavior in the face of life-threatening danger during the war were also identified. Overall the level of postwar psychological distress was not higher than prewar levels, which may be explained by the Ss' feelings of shared fate, belonging and sense of cohesion, which characterize the general Israeli population during war time.